Used for identity, states, and nationality.

"I am a student." / "She is happy."

Used for possession, relationships, and experiences.

"I have a car." / "She has two brothers."

Used for habits and general facts.

"He goes to school every day."

Used for actions in progress.

"I am studying English now."

"The" for specific things, "a/an" for general things.

"I have a dog. The dog is big."

"Some" and "any" are used for uncountable nouns.

"There is some milk."

Used to refer to subjects and possession.

"She is my sister. Her name is Anna."

Used to show ownership.

"This is my book." / "Their house is big."

"In" for months/years, "on" for days, "at" for hours.

"I was born in July." / "I have class at 10 AM."

Used to express quantities and tell time.

"Today is May 5th." / "It's 3:30 PM."

Used to indicate existence.

"There is a book on the table."

Used to point out things.

"This is my phone." / "Those are my shoes."

Used to give command, instruction, warning, directions, or request.

"Sit down." / "Close the door."

Used for abilities and permissions.

"I can swim." / "You can't smoke here."

Expresses likes and preferences.

"I like reading books."

Used to connect ideas.

"I like coffee, but I don't like tea."

Used for actions completed in the past.

"I visited the museum yesterday." / "She ate lunch."

Used for actions happening at a specific moment in the past.

"I was reading when you called."

Used for plans or intentions in the future.

"I am going to study tonight."

Used for predictions or spontaneous decisions.

"I will call you later."

Used for comparing things and using intensifiers.

"This book is bigger." / "He is the tallest."

Used to describe how often something happens.

"I always go to bed early." / "She never eats pizza."

Used to replace objects of verbs.

"I saw him yesterday." / "She helped us."

Used for expressing quantities.

"I don't have much time." / "There are many books."

Used to describe motion or direction.

"She walked into the room." / "The cat jumped out of the window."

Used to express desires or requests.

"I would like to travel."

Used to express necessity, obligation, or advice.

"You should study more." / "He must go to work."

Some verbs are followed by infinitive, others by -ing.

"I want to go home." / "She enjoys swimming."

Used for real situations and their consequences.

"If it rains, I take an umbrella." / "If you study, you will pass."

Actions started in past continuing to present or having effect now.

"I have lived here for 3 years."

Going to: Plans/Predictions with evidence. Might: Possibility.

"It might rain." / "I am going to study."

Connection to present vs Completed in past.

"I have eaten" (full now) vs "I ate" (past time).

Actions completed before another action in the past.

"I had already eaten when he arrived."

Will (predictions), going to (plans), Present Continuous (arrangements).

"I will study." / "I am meeting her tomorrow."

Must (obligation), have to (necessity), can't (prohibition).

"You must finish." / "You can't smoke here."

Used for hypothetical situations in the present or future.

"If I were rich, I would travel the world."

Reporting what someone said without exact words.

"She said she was tired."

Well, You know, Like, I mean, So, Actually, Let me see.

"Well, I mean, it’s actually quite good."

So + auxiliary + subject / Neither + auxiliary + subject.

"So do I." / "Neither can he."

Focus on action rather than subject.

"The cake was made by my mom."

Gerund for activities, participle for ongoing actions.

"I saw him running."

Express past habits that no longer happen.

"I used to play soccer." / "I would go there every summer."

Reporting what someone else said.

"He told me that he was going to the store."

Verbs followed by infinitive vs. gerund.

"I want to study." / "I enjoy studying."

Do you mind if...? / I'd rather you didn't.

"Do you mind if I open the window?"

I'm afraid so / I'm afraid not.

"Is it closed? I'm afraid so."

Regret, criticism, or advice in the past.

"I should have studied more."

Should, ought to, why don't you.

"You should see a doctor." / "Why don't you talk to her?"

Used to connect clauses and provide information.

"The person who called me is my friend."

Verbs combined with a preposition (new meaning).

"Wake up", "turn on", "look for".

Actions started in past and still continuing or just finished.

"I have been working all day."

For (period of time), Since (point in time).

"For five years." / "Since 2015."

Action in perfect tense done by someone, focus on action.

"The project has been completed."

Speculation or deductions about past actions.

"He must have left early."

Mixes two time references: past and present.

"If I had studied, I would be better at math."

Provides more detailed information about a noun.

"The man whose car was stolen called the police."

Regrets, desires, or hypothetical situations.

"I wish I had more time." / "If only I had known earlier."

Inversion for emphasis with negative adverbs.

"Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset."

Used to express why or the outcome of an action.

"I went so that I could buy milk."

Reporting with more complex structures.

"She asked me if I had finished the project."

Phrasal verbs with more complex meanings.

"I need to give up smoking." / "We ran out of time."

Formal forms of conditionals for specific situations.

"Should you need help, let me know."

Emphasizing a negative adverbial at the start of a sentence.

"Rarely do we see such kindness."

Reporting complicated or conditional actions.

"He would have said that he was coming."

Formal reporting where the agent is less important.

"The book is said to have been written by a famous author."

Speculating about past or future actions.

"He must have forgotten." / "You should have told me."

Using participles in complex sentence structures.

"Having finished his work, he went home."

Words used to connect ideas in different contexts.

"Moreover, the results were unexpected." / "Nonetheless..."

Phrases with non-literal interpretations.

"It's raining cats and dogs." / "I’ve got cold feet."

Choice of language depending on audience.

Formal: "I would appreciate your response."

Full command, including rare and complex forms.

"I would have gone if I had known."

Advanced use to create smooth, connected discourse.

"The policies, which we implemented, have had an impact."

Ability to produce highly organized academic texts.

"The study's methodology was based on comparative analysis."

Expressing wishes, suggestions, or demands (often formal).

"It is essential that he be present."

Using compact expressions to save space/time.

"Had I known, I would have acted differently."

Wide variety of idioms with cultural references.

"To break the ice" / "A blessing in disguise".

Using tenses to convey subtle focus or meaning.

"I had been waiting for hours before receiving it."

Ability to express oneself precisely in any setting.

Formal: "It is with great pleasure... "